Economic Policy

Death in the United States has evolved from a community-centered rite into a sprawling, multi-billion-dollar commercial sector often dubbed the funeral industrial complex. With approximately three million Americans dying annually, a figure projected to rise as the baby boomer generation ages, the logistics of disposition have become a pressing socioeconomic challenge. For decades, the default American way of death involved embalming, heavy metal caskets, and concrete vaults, a practice that is historically an anomaly and environmentally taxing. However, economic pressures and shifting cultural attitudes have catalyzed a massive transition toward cremation. In 2024, the cremation rate surpassed 61 percent, with projections suggesting it will exceed 80 percent by 2045.

Commodity metals  are raw metals that are globally standardized and traded in bulk. They are typically categorized as industrial (base) metals (copper, aluminum, zinc), or precious metals (gold, silver, platinum). Precious metals are valued for investment and jewelry, while base metals are essential for industrial use and manufacturing.  This Brief seeks to explain the ways in which fluctuations in demand influence the pricing and availability of commodity metals.  In addition to commodity metals, rare earth minerals play an important role in various technologies but are not globally standardized. We will discuss these in an upcoming brief.

Elon Musk’s corporate empire—Tesla, SpaceX/Starlink, X, Neuralink and the Boring Company—has become a single, privately steered ecosystem whose combined annual revenues now rival the GDP of a midsize nation.

The prison-industrial complex (PIC) in the United States represents a deeply entrenched system where incarceration is commodified, intertwining the interests of government agencies and private enterprises. This nexus has transformed the U.S. criminal justice system into a profit-driven enterprise, often at the expense of marginalized communities.